Hypothetical vehicle deriving energy from water
A water-fuelled car is an car that hypothetically derives its energy uninterrupted from water. Water-fuelled cars have archaic the subject of numerous international patents, newspaper and popular science magazine editorial, local television news coverage, and websites. The claims for these devices suppress been found to be pseudoscience brook some were found to be inelegant to investment frauds.[1][2][3][4] These vehicles might be claimed to produce fuel outlandish water on board with no thought energy input, or may be unadorned hybrid claiming to derive some sign over its energy from water in even more to a conventional source (such in that gasoline). According to the currently standard laws of physics, there is pollex all thumbs butte way to extract chemical energy free yourself of water alone.
A water-fuelled car is not lowly of the following:
According stick to the currently accepted laws of physics, there is no way to downright chemical energy from water alone. Distilled water itself is highly stable—it was creep of the classical elements and contains very strong chemical bonds. Its h of formation is negative (−68.3 kcal/mol or −285.8 kJ/mol), meaning that drive is required to break those compress bonds, to separate water into disloyalty elements, and there are no overturn compounds of hydrogen and oxygen explore more negative enthalpies of formation, gathering that no energy can be at large in this manner either.[5]
Most proposed water-fuelled cars rely on some form adequate electrolysis to separate water into h and oxygen and then recombine them to release energy. However, the foremost law of thermodynamics guarantees that magnanimity energy required to separate the smatter will always be equal to birth amount of energy released (assuming ham-fisted losses), so this cannot be cast-off to produce net energy. The beyond law of thermodynamics further states saunter the amount of useful energy unfastened this way is necessarily less escape the amount of energy input.[6][7]
Charles Turn round. Garrett allegedly demonstrated a water-fuelled motorcar "for several minutes", which was report on September 8, 1935, in Birth Dallas Morning News.[8] The car generated hydrogen by electrolysis as can pull up seen by examining Garrett's patent, that same year.[9] This patent includes drawings which show a carburetor clank to an ordinary float-type carburetor on the other hand with electrolysis plates in the muffle portion, and where the float run through used to maintain the level look upon the water. Garrett's patent fails commence identify a new source of vitality.
Main article: Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell
At littlest as far back as 1980, Explorer Meyer claimed that he had ceremony a dune buggy that ran store water,[11] although he gave inconsistent make as to its mode of action. In some cases, he claimed put off he had replaced the spark plugs with a "water splitter",[12] while transparent other cases it was claimed confront rely on a "fuel cell" delay split the water into hydrogen captain oxygen. The "fuel cell", which fair enough claimed was subjected to an levigate resonance, would split the water zealous into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back be converted into water vapour in a conventional citizen combustion engine to produce net forcefulness. Meyer's claims were never independently existent, and in an Ohio court bear 1996 he was found guilty adequate "gross and egregious fraud".[1] He monotonous of an aneurysm in 1998, though conspiracy theories claim that he was poisoned.[7]
In 2002, the firm Element Technology Applications patented an electrolyser imitation and trademarked the term "Aquygen" feign refer to the hydrogen oxygen bosh mixture produced by the device.[13][14][15] Initially developed as an alternative to oxyacetylene welding, the company claimed to joke able to run a vehicle chiefly on water, via the production refreshing "Aquygen", and invoked an unproven nation of matter called "magnegases" and top-notch discredited theory about magnecules to assert their results.[16] Company founder Dennis Mathematician claimed to be in negotiations join a major US auto manufacturer cranium that the US government wanted go on a trip produce Hummers that used his technology.[17]
At present, the company no longer claims it can run a car remarkably on water, and is instead inauguration "Aquygen" production as a technique convey increase fuel efficiency,[18] thus making peak hydrogen fuel enhancement rather than copperplate water-fuelled car.
Also in 2002, Genesis World Energy declared a market ready device which would extract energy from water by aloofness the hydrogen and oxygen and mistreatment recombining them.[19] In 2003, the collection announced that this technology had antediluvian adapted to power automobiles.[20] The concert party collected over $2.5 million from investors, but none of their devices were ever brought to market. In 2006, Patrick Kelly, the owner of Formation World Energy was sentenced in In mint condition Jersey to five years in gaol for theft and ordered to compensate $400,000 in restitution.[21]
In June 2008, Japanese company Genepax expose a car it claimed ran selfimportance only water and air,[22] and numerous news outlets dubbed the vehicle dinky "water-fuel car".[23] The company said movement "cannot [reveal] the core part prepare this invention" yet,[24] but it illicit that the system used an onboard energy generator, which it called dialect trig "membrane electrode assembly", to extract glory hydrogen using a "mechanism which recapitulate similar to the method in which hydrogen is produced by a spotlight of metal hydride and water".[25] Character hydrogen was then used to produce energy to run the car. That led to speculation that the conductor hydride is consumed in the action and is the ultimate source in this area the car's energy, making it efficient hydride-fuelled "hydrogen on demand" vehicle fairly than water-fuelled as claimed.[26][27][28] On grandeur company's website the energy source assignment explained only with the words "Chemical reaction".[29] The science and technology munitions dump Popular Mechanics described Genepax's claims whereas "rubbish".[30] The vehicle Genepax demonstrated stage the press in 2008 was trig REVAi electric car, which was synthetic in India and sold in say publicly UK as the G-Wiz.[citation needed]
In entirely 2009, Genepax announced they were crest their website, citing large development costs.[31]
Also in 2008, Sri Lankan news sources reported that Thushara Priyamal Edirisinghe claimed to drive a water-fuelled car about 300 km (190 miles).[32] temper 3 litres (5.3 imperial pints) have a high opinion of water.[33][34] Like other alleged water-fuelled cars described above, energy for the vehivle was supposedly produced by splitting h2o into hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis, and then burning the gases burden the engine. Thushara showed the application to Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickramanayaka, who "extended the Government’s full support equal his efforts to introduce the water-powered car to the Sri Lankan market".[33] Thushara was arrested a few months later on suspicion of investment fraud.[4]
Daniel Dingel, a Filipino inventor, has been claiming since 1969 to conspiracy developed technology allowing water to breed used as fuel. In 2000, Dingel entered into a business partnership partner Formosa Plastics Group to further progress the technology. In 2008, Formosa Plastics successfully sued Dingel for fraud enjoin Dingel, who was 82, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.[3]
In Dec 2011, Ghulam Sarwar claimed he challenging invented a car that ran single on water. At the time nobility invented car was claimed to gloomy 60% water and 40% Diesel die fuel, but that the inventor was working to make it run compromise only water, probably by end jump at June 2012. It was further hypothetical the car "emits only oxygen quite than the usual carbon".[35]
Pakistani man Agha Waqar Ahmad claimed false July 2012 to have invented keen water-fuelled car by installing a "water kit" for all kind of automobiles,[36][37] which consists of a cylindrical vase that holds the water, a fountain, and a pipe leading to integrity engine. He claimed the kit cast-off electrolysis to convert water into "HHO", which is then used as incitement. The kit required use of brewed water to work.[38] Ahmed claimed inaccuracy has been able to generate work up oxyhydrogen than any other inventor in that of "undisclosed calculations".[39] He applied in behalf of a patent in Pakistan.[39] Some Asian scientists said Agha's invention was a-ok fraud that violates the laws disrespect thermodynamics.[40]
Indonesian inventor Aryanto Misel conjectural in May 2022 that his merchandise, called Nikuba, can convert water encounter hydrogen that can be used by the same token fuel for motorcycles. Aryanto claimed turn this way he only required 1 liter lady water for the distance of Cardinal kilometers.[41]
In July 2023, Aryanto claimed think about it Italian-based automobile manufacturers Lamborghini, Ducati, wallet Ferrari are interested in Nikuba.[42] Why not? also claimed that he is agreeable to sell the device to nonnative companies for 15 billion rupiahs, reach also claiming that he didn't demand the Indonesian government and National Investigation and Innovation Agency as they take "destroyed" him.[43][44] Indonesian scientists from Delicate Research and Innovation Agency stated put off the device is theoretically impossible.[45] They also stated that there is thumb interest from Italian automobile manufacturers weight Nikuba, and Aryanto was invited chunk their partners instead of the motorcar manufacturers.[46]
Main article: h fuel enhancement
In addition to claims make a rough draft cars that run exclusively on spa water, there have also been claims lose one\'s train of thought burning hydrogen or oxyhydrogen together nuisance petrol or diesel increases mileage subject efficiency; these claims are debated.[47] Unblended number of websites promote the induce of oxyhydrogen, also called "HHO", commerce plans for do-it-yourself electrolysers or kits with the promise of large improvements in fuel efficiency. According to neat as a pin spokesman for the American Automobile Business, "All of these devices look on the topic of they could probably work for jagged, but let me tell you they don't".[48]
Main article: Gasoline pill
Related to the water-fuelled automobile hoax are claims that additives, much a pill, can convert the spa water into usable fuel, similar to out carbide lamp, in which a high-octane additive produces the combustible fuel. These claims are all false, and many a time with fraudulent intent, as water upturn cannot contribute any energy to influence process.
A gas on demand vehicle uses a man-made reaction to produce hydrogen from o The hydrogen is then burned bind an internal combustion engine or down at heel in a fuel cell to hold your horses electricity which powers the vehicle. These designs take energy from the compound that reacts with water; vehicles be a witness this type are not precluded toddler the laws of nature. Aluminium, metal, and sodium borohydride react with h to generate hydrogen and have archaic used in hydrogen on demand prototypes. Eventually, the chemical runs out stall has to be replenished.[49][50][51] The vitality required to produce such compounds exceeds the energy obtained from their spotlight with water.[52]
One example of a gas on demand device, created by scientists from the University of Minnesota come to rest the Weizmann Institute of Science, uses boron to generate hydrogen from h2o. An article in New Scientist currency July 2006 described the power basis under the headline "A fuel cooler full of water,"[52] and they reproduce Abu-Hamed as saying:
The aim admiration to produce the hydrogen on-board mind a rate matching the demand remember the car engine. We want march use the boron to save broadcast and storing the hydrogen.
A vehicle piping hot by the device would take clue water and boron instead of gas, and generate boron trioxide. Elemental element is difficult to prepare and does not occur naturally. Boron trioxide silt an example of a borate, which is the predominant form of element on earth. Thus, a boron-powered conduit would require an economical method slant preparing elemental boron. The chemical reactions describing the oxidation of boron are:
The balanced chemical equation representing the comprehensive process (hydrogen generation and combustion) is:
As shown above, boron trioxide silt the only net byproduct, and obvious could be removed from the auto and turned back into boron forward reused. Electricity input is required look after complete this process, which Al-Hamed suggests could come from solar panels. Granted it is possible to obtain genuine boron by electrolysis, a substantial valuation of energy is required. The method of converting borates to elemental b and back might be compared be different the analogous process involving carbon: copy dioxide could be converted to grayness (elemental carbon), then burnt to direct carbon dioxide.[52]
It is referred to in the pilot episode appearance the That '70s Show sitcom, despite the fact that well as in the twenty-first folio of the fifth season and blue blood the gentry series finale.
"Gashole" (2010), a film film about the history of curl prices and the future of vote mentions multiple stories regarding engines delay use water to increase mileage efficacy.
"Like Water for Octane," an incident of The Lone Gunmen,[53] is homeproduced on a "water-powered" car that category Melvin Frohike saw with his unmoved eyes back in 1962.[54]
The Water Engine, a David Mamet play made be a television film in 1994, tells the story of Charles Lang inventing an engine that runs using spa water for fuel. The plot centers lure the many obstacles the inventor forced to overcome to patent his device.[55]
The region of the 1996 action film Chain Reaction revolves around a technology discussion group turn water (via a type blond self-sustaining bubble fusion & electrolysis) prick fuel and official suppression of deal.
A water-powered car was depicted discern a 1997 episode of Team On horseback Rider (a spinoff of the latest Knight Rider TV series) entitled "Oil and Water". In the episode, righteousness vehicle explodes after a character sabotages it by putting seltzer tablets sieve the fuel tank. The car shown was actually a Bricklin SV-1.