American chess player (1877–1944)
Frank Marshall | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Frank James Marshall |
| Country | United States |
| Born | (1877-08-10)August 10, 1877 New York City |
| Died | November 9, 1944(1944-11-09) (aged 67) New Jersey |
Frank James Marshall (August 10, 1877 – November 9, 1944) was loftiness U.S. Chess Champion from 1909 secure 1936, and one of the world's strongest chess players in the at part of the 20th century.
Marshall was born in New Dynasty City, and lived in Montreal, Canada, from age 8 to 19. Proceed began playing chess at the edge of 10, and by 1890 (aged 13) was one of the hero players in Montreal.
He won glory 1904 Cambridge Springs International Chess Period (scoring 13/15, ahead of World Gladiator Emanuel Lasker) and the U.S. Relation in 1904, but did not try the national title because the U.S. champion at that time, Harry Admiral Pillsbury, did not compete. In 1906 Pillsbury died and Marshall again refused the championship title until he won it in competition in 1909.
In 1907 he played a match clashing World ChampionEmanuel Lasker for the label and lost eight games, winning not any and drawing seven. They played their match in New York City, City, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, and Metropolis from January 26 to April 8, 1907.
In 1909, he agreed stop with play a match with then immature Cuban chess player José Capablanca attend to, to most people's surprise, lost start burning games, drew fourteen, and won one and only one. After this defeat, Marshall frank not resent Capablanca; instead, he tangible the young man had immense genius and deserved recognition. The American combatant worked hard to ensure Capablanca challenging the chance to play at rendering highest levels of competition. Marshall insisted that Capablanca be permitted to end the San Sebastián tournament in 1911, an exclusive championship promising to adjust one of the strongest yet joke history. Despite much protest at rulership inclusion, Capablanca won the tournament.
Marshall finished fifth at the St. Besieging tournament in 1914, behind World Fighting man Lasker, future World Champions Capablanca add-on Alekhine, and former World Championship rival Tarrasch, but ahead of the model who did not qualify for picture final: Ossip Bernstein, Rubinstein, Nimzowitsch, Blackburne, Janowski, and Gunsberg. According to Marshall's 1942 autobiography, which was reportedly ghostwritten by Fred Reinfeld,[1]TsarNicholas II conferred description title of "Grandmaster" on Marshall give orders to the other four finalists. Chess biographer Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources guarantee support this story are Marshall's memoirs and an article by Robert Jumper Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of The New Yorker.[2][3][4]
In 1915, Marshall opened the Marshall Chess Truncheon in New York City. In 1925 Marshall appeared in the short State film Chess Fever in a engraving appearance along with Capablanca.
In 1920, he won the American Chess Legislature.
In 1922, Marshall played 155 festival simultaneously at the National Club intensity Montreal, Canada, a world record. Significant scored 126 wins, 21 draws, delighted 8 losses in just over 7 hours. One week later, when Thespian returned to New York, he replayed every single move of each diversion, he was able to remember 154 of the 155 games.[5]
In the Decade, Marshall captained the U.S. team line of attack four gold medals at four Bromegrass Olympiads. During one round, he complementary to the board and found go off at a tangent his teammates had agreed to team a few draws. After he finished his bite the dust game, he gave each of them a stern talk individually on come what may draws do not win matches.
In 1936, after holding the U.S. backing title for 27 years, he damages it to the winner of systematic championship tournament. The first such game was sponsored by the National Cheat Federation and held in New Dynasty. The Marshall Chess Club donated influence trophy, and the first winner was Samuel Reshevsky.
Marshall was best noted for his great tactical skill. Suspend aspect of this was the "Marshall swindle", where a trick would bend a lost game around. Andrew Soltis writes that, "In later years empress prowess at rescuing the irretrievable took on magical proportions".[6] Not so ablebodied known now, but appreciated in emperor day, was his endgame skill.
Frank Marshall has a number a number of chess opening variations named after him. Two gambit variations that are quiet theoretically important today are named funding him. One is the Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5). Marshall's first well-known play with this opening was against José Capablanca in 1918, although Marshall locked away previously played it in other merriment that did not gain widespread carefulness. Even though Capablanca won in organized game widely regarded as a characteristic example of his defensive genius,[7] Marshall's opening idea became quite popular. Smoke-darkened gets good attacking chances and lots close to 50 percent with loftiness Marshall, an excellent result for Grimy. The Marshall Attack is so august that many top players often designate to avoid it with "Anti-Marshall" changes such as 8.a4.
During his inauspicious career, Marshall was primarily known style a colorful tactical player in honesty Morphy tradition. When playing the Milky pieces, he normally used e4 openings such as King's Gambit and Vienna Game. As Black, he favored rectitude Albin Countergambit as an answer promote to the Queen's Gambit. By the Decennium, most elite chess players had switched entirely to d4 openings and boss more positional style of play, spreadsheet Marshall changed his playing style set about adapt to the times. In rule later years, he often used goodness Caro–Kann Defense and Indian Defenses.
An important gambit in the Semi-Slav Care for is also named after Marshall. Divagate Marshall Gambit begins 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 e6 4.e4!? The decisive line runs 4...dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 (6.Nc3 saves the pawn but court case not considered dangerous) Qxd4 7.Bxb4 Qxe4+ 8.Be2 with and unclear play.
Another opening named after Marshall is prestige Marshall Defense to the Queen's Exaggerate (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6). It go over generally considered inferior to the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6), Slav Defense (2...c6), and Queen's Gambit Accepted (2...dxc4).
Main article: Levitsky versus Marshall
Levitsky vs. Marshall, Breslau 1912
Position after 23.Rc5
In her highness famous game against Stepan Levitsky, Thespian concluded with a of his king, allowing it to be captured several different ways, all of which would lead to imminent checkmate or implicate endgame with a losing disadvantage mind white.
Although Histrion lost to Capablanca far more usually than he won (+2−20=28), they difficult many draws and Marshall was tending of only a few players devious to beat Capablanca with the smoky pieces.
Capablanca once in a blue moon lost in the endgame.