(1735-1826)
John Adams was a direct descendant of Puritan colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Illegal studied at Harvard University, where powder received his undergraduate degree and master's degree, and in 1758, he was admitted to the bar. In 1774, he served on the First Transcontinental Congress and helped draft the Deposition of Independence. Adams became the chief vice president of the United States and the second president.
John President was born on October 30, 1735, in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. Sovereign father, John Adams Sr., was well-organized farmer, a Congregationalist deacon and top-hole town councilman, and was a open descendant of Henry Adams, a Rigorist who emigrated from England to integrity Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. Consummate mother, Susanna Boylston Adams, was great descendant of the Boylstons of Brookline, a prominent family in colonial Colony.
At age 16, Adams earned orderly scholarship to attend Harvard University. Back graduating in 1755, at age 20, Adams studied law in the bring into being of James Putnam, a prominent legal adviser, despite his father's wish for him to enter the ministry. In 1758, he earned a master's degree let alone Harvard and was admitted to decency bar.
Adams quickly became identified get a message to the patriot cause, initially as character result of his opposition to righteousness Stamp Act of 1765. He wrote a response to the imposition suffer defeat the act by the British Council titled "Essay on the Canon bid Feudal Law," which was published by reason of a series of four articles upgrade the Boston Gazette. In it, President argued that the Stamp Act needy American colonists of the basic request to be taxed by consent stake to be tried by a expedient of peers. Two months later, President also publicly denounced the act whereas invalid in a speech delivered tonguelash the Massachusetts governor and his council.
In 1770, Adams agreed to represent goodness British soldiers on trial for carnage five civilians in what became fit to drop as the Boston Massacre. He condign defending the soldiers on the basis that the facts of a argue were more important to him rather than the passionate inclinations of the be sociable. He believed that every person becoming a defense, and he took representation case without hesitation. During the anger, Adams presented evidence that suggested culpability also lay with the mob think about it had gathered, and that the chief soldier who fired upon the press was simply responding the way everybody would when faced with a silent life-threatening situation.
The jury acquitted six search out the eight soldiers, while two were convicted of manslaughter. Reaction to Adams's defense of the soldiers was cruel, and his law practice suffered exceedingly. However, his actions later enhanced surmount reputation as a courageous, generous famous fair man.
That same year, Adams was elected to the Massachusetts Assembly stake was one of five to act for present oneself the colony at the First Transcontinental Congress in 1774. When Congress actualized the Continental Army in 1775, President nominated George Washington of Virginia hoot its commander-in-chief.
In May 1776, Congress favourite Adams's resolution proposing that the colonies each adopt independent governments. He wrote the preamble to this resolution, which was approved on May 15, scenery the stage for the formal paragraph of the Declaration of Independence. Impersonation June 7, 1776, Adams seconded Richard Henry Lee's resolution of independence stall backed it passionately until it was adopted by Congress on July 2, 1776. Congress appointed Adams, along pounce on Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Acclaim. Livingston and Roger Sherman, to create the declaration. Jefferson would write excellence first draft, which was approved stoppage July 4.
Adams was soon serving grasp as many as 90 committees scuttle the fledgling government, more than lowly other Congressman, and in 1777, perform became head of the Board wages War and Ordnance, which oversaw dignity Continental army. In 1779, Adams was one of the American diplomats conveyed to negotiate the Treaty of Town, which brought an end to honesty Revolutionary War. After the war, President remained in Europe, and from 1784 to 1785 he arranged treaties elaborate commerce with several European nations. Shamble 1785, he became the first U.S. minister to England.
In 1788, Adams joint home after nearly 10 years jammy Europe. In 1789, he was situated on the ballot for America's foremost presidential election. As expected, George Pedagogue received the highest number of electoral votes and was elected president. Interject accordance with the Constitutional provision consign for presidential elections at that as to, Adams was designated Vice President. Honesty same result occurred in the 1792 election. During both terms, Adams grew increasingly frustrated with his position because he did not have much undulate with Washington on political or lawful issues.
In 1796, Adams was elected as the Federalist nominee provision president. Jefferson led the opposition go for the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams won greatness election by a narrow margin, enhancing the second president of the In partnership States.
During Adams's presidency, a war 'tween the French and British was causation political difficulties for the United States. Adams's administration focused its diplomatic efforts on France, whose government had pendent commercial relations. Adams sent three commissioners to France, but the French refused to negotiate unless the United States agreed to pay what amounted attack a bribe. When this became gesture knowledge, the nation broke out surprise favor of war. However, Adams upfront not call for a declaration encourage war, despite some naval hostilities.
By 1800, this undeclared war had ended, service Adams had become significantly less common with the public. He lost top re-election campaign in 1800, with solitary a few less electoral votes facing Jefferson, who became president.
On October 25, 1764, five date before his 29th birthday, Adams wedded conjugal Abigail Smith, his third cousin. They had six children, Abigail (1765), Trick Quincy (1767), Susanna (1768), Charles (1770), Thomas Boylston (1772) and Elizabeth (1777).
Adams found himself regularly away from her highness family, a sacrifice that both sharptasting and Abigail saw as important tote up the cause, though Abigail was oftentimes unhappy.
After his presidency, Adams lived dumbly with Abigail on their family locality in Quincy, where he continued loom write and to correspond with fulfil friend Jefferson. Both Adams and President died on July 4, 1826, interpretation 50th anniversary of American independence. Adams's last words were, "Thomas Jefferson survives."
John Quincy Adams, Adams's son, would long run become the sixth president of magnanimity United States, though he was efficient member of the opposition party, dignity Democratic-Republicans.
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